Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common forms of focal epilepsy in children and adults. TLE is characterized by variable onset and seizures. Moreover, this form of epilepsy is often resistant to pharmacotherapy. The search for new mechanisms for the development of TLE may provide us with a key to the development of new diagnostic methods and a personalized approach to the treatment. In recent years, the role of non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNA) has been actively studied, among which microRNA (miR) is of the greatest interest. (1) Background: The purpose of the systematic review is to analyze the studies carried out on the role of miRs in the development of mesial TLE (mTLE) and update the existing knowledge about the biomarkers of this disease. (2) Methods: The search for publications was carried out in the databases PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, Clinicalkeys, Scopus, OxfordPress, Cochrane. The search was carried out using keywords and combinations. We analyzed publications for 2016–2021, including original studies in an animal model of TLE and with the participation of patients with TLE, thematic and systemic reviews, and Cochrane reviews. (3) Results: this thematic review showed that miR‒155, miR‒153, miR‒361‒5p, miR‒4668‒5p, miR‒8071, miR‒197‒5p, miR‒145, miR‒181, miR‒199a, miR‒1183, miR‒129‒2‒3p, miR‒143‒3p (upregulation), miR–134, miR‒0067835, and miR‒153 (downregulation) can be considered as biomarkers of mTLE. However, the roles of miR‒146a, miR‒142, miR‒106b, and miR‒223 are questionable and need further study. (4) Conclusion: In the future, it will be possible to consider previously studied miRs, which have high specificity and sensitivity in mTLE, as prognostic biomarkers (predictors) of the risk of developing this disease in patients with potentially epileptogenic structural damage to the mesial regions of the temporal lobe of the brain (congenital disorders of the neuronal migration and neurogenesis, brain injury, neuro-inflammation, tumor, impaired blood supply, neurodegeneration, etc.).
Highlights
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common and heterogeneous forms of focal epilepsy in children [1] and adults [2]
The search was performed with the use of keywords and word combinations: biomarker; genetics; epilepsy; epileptogenesis; microRNA; seizure; temporal lobe epilepsy; therapeutic resistance
The main studies of miRs in TLE are aimed at finding biomarkers associated with epileptogenesis and the development of epileptic seizures [40]
Summary
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common and heterogeneous forms of focal epilepsy in children [1] and adults [2]. The etiology of TLE is variable and includes the influence of external environmental and genetic factors: genetic [8] and epigenetic mechanisms [9]; family forms TLE [10,11]; chronic neuro-inflammation [12]; neuronal death/apoptosis [13]; disorders of neurogenesis [9] (hippocampal sclerosis [14], focal cortical dysplasia [15,16], polymicrogyria, and nodal heterotopy [17]). MTLE, including the familial form, was first described as an epileptic syndrome with persistent mental and autonomic seizures that are not associated with hippocampal sclerosis or febrile seizures [4]. The genetics of this condition is understudied, several candidate genes have been identified as responsible for familial mTLE and multifactorial mTLE [19]. The search for new mechanisms for the development of mTLE may provide us with a key to the elaboration of new diagnostic methods and personalized therapies
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