Expression of the mouse Fc receptor B2 in bovine cells rescues the infectivity of conditionally neutralized bovine viral diarrhea virus

Abstract

We examined the infectivity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) particles opsonized with monoclonal antibodies on bovine cells expressing the murine Fcγ receptor B2 (FcγRB2). Incubation of BVDV with each of five monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to the envelope glycoprotein E2 led to efficient virus-neutralization, as evidenced by the failure to infect standard bovine testicle cells. In contrast, inoculation of four of these Mab–virus complexes onto transfectant bovine testicle cells expressing FcγRB2 resulted in a significant rescue of virus infectivity. Mab–virus complexes were 13.1, 7.37, 5.56 and 4.49 times more infectious for FcγR-expressing cells than for cells lacking FcγR. Because Mab-opsonized BVDV virion complexes uninfectious for standard cells may initiate productive infection in cells expressing the FcγR, the virion–Mab interaction should be described as a conditional neutralization. Interestingly, the infectivity of BVDV complexed with a specific virus neutralizing Mab (10f9) could not be rescued in FcγRB2-expressing cells. We postulate that attachment of antibody–virus complexes to FcR may only result in productive infection if the binding of antibody to virions does not interfere with post-attachment entry functions. Conditionally neutralized virions may play a role in the pathogenesis of any of the multiple diseases resulting from BVDV infections in cattle.