Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the condylar response during treatment with a functional appliance. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, normal (NG), diabetes (DG) and diabetes with insulin-treatment (TG). Bite-jumping appliances were fitted to the rats in the experimental groups. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days following fitting, animals were sacrificed and condyles were excised and processed using routine histological techniques. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) was detected using immunohistochemical analysis. Mandibular advancement increased the expression levels of MMP-8 (peaked on day 28), MMP-9 (peaked on day 21), TIMP-1 (peaked on days 21 and 28) and the ratio of MMP-8 to TIMP-1 and MMP-9 to TIMP-1. In the DG, diabetes decreased the expression levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 induced by mandibular advancement and increased the expression levels of TIMP-1 compared with that of the NG. The ratio of MMP-8 to TIMP-1 and MMP-9 to TIMP-1 also showed a significant decrease in the DG compared with that of the NG. A recovery of these parameters was observed in the TG. Diabetes significantly altered the condylar response, which was triggered by mandibular advancement, and weakened subsequent bone deposition. The results from the TG were not significantly different from that of the NG.
Highlights
Class II malocclusion is one of the most common orthodontic problems
The growth and development of the condylar cartilage is thought to be induced by external stimuli, including mandibular advancement, hormones and growth factors [17]
Insulin can exert a direct effect on chondrocytes and the articular cartilage [8,9,10,11,12,13], it has been hypothesized that type 1 diabetes mellitus may affect the condylar response during functional appliance treatment
Summary
Class II malocclusion is one of the most common orthodontic problems. Mandibular retrognathia is the major etiology ofKey words: type 1 diabetes mellitus, condyle, matrix metalloproteinase‐8, matrix metalloproteinase‐9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 class II malocclusion [1]. Class II malocclusion is one of the most common orthodontic problems. Mandibular retrognathia is the major etiology of. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by a lack of insulin production, accounts for 5‐10% of diabetes and a peak incidence occurs at 10‐14 years of age [4,5]. Previous studies have shown that a deficiency of insulin may alter the mechanical response of alveolar bone during orthodontic tooth movement in animal models, while insulin treatment normalized this abnormal response [6,7]. Whether the deficiency of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus affects condylar remodeling during treatment with functional appliances remains unclear
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