Abstract
Chemokines belong to a super family of inducible and secreted, pro-inflammatory cytokines. They act primarily as chemoattractants and activators of specific types of leukocytes and are involved in a variety of immune and inflammatory responses. The status and role of chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α) and RANTES (Regulated upon Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted) in the immunopathogenesis by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) are not fully elucidated. The objectives of this study were to, 1) determine the expression MIP-1α in goat synovial membrane cells (GSM cells) infected in vitro, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CAEV infected goats by RT-PCR, and 2) effect of exogenous MIP-1α and on replication of CAEV in GSM cells in vitro. RT-PCR results indicated higher expression of MIP-1α in PBMC of CAEV-infected goats as compared to controls. Similarly, higher expression of MIP-1α was observed in GSMC infected in vitro with CAEV as compared to that in uninfected cells. Exogenous MIP-1α (20 ng/ml) and RANTES (20 ng/ml) significantly inhibited CAEV replication in GSM cells by 75% and 65%, respectively as compared to the replication in GSM cells not treated with the chemokines. Results of this study suggest that CAEV infection may alter the expression of chemokines in goats, which may suppress the replication of the virus.
Highlights
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a non-oncogenic retrovirus belonging to the subfamily lentivirinae
reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis analysis of MIP-1α expression in GSMC and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) MIP-1α was constitutively expressed in both GSM cells and PBM cells
RANTES and MIP-1α, which belong to the CC-chemokine family are critical in the establishment of chronic inflammation in various pathological conditions including rheumatoid arthritis [13,14]
Summary
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a non-oncogenic retrovirus belonging to the subfamily lentivirinae. Exposure of goats to CAEV results in chronic mononuclear infiltration of various tissues [1] It leads to persistent infection and chronic arthritis in goats, which shows remarkable histopathological similarity to rheumatiod arthritis (RA) in humans. RANTES and MIP-1α, two important pro-inflammatory chemokines belong to CCchemokine subfamily [4]. MIP-1α, produced by bacterial endotoxin stimulated macrophages, plays an important role in inflammation by inducing synthesis of other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6. It activates neutrophils, eosinophils and basophilic granulocytes and is involved in acute neutrophilic inflammation. MIP-1α is known to induce the proliferation and activation of killer cells known as CHAK killer cells [4]
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