Abstract
ScopeInsulin resistance is associated with impaired cardiac function, but the underlying molecular abnormalities are largely unexplained. Bilberry anthocyanin (BAcn) may be protective, as it appears to potentiate insulin action.MethodsRats were randomly allocated to control, sucrose-fed (SF) or sucrose-fed + BAcn diets (SF-A) for 15 weeks. Cardiac insulin signalling genes and proteins were quantified using reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blots.ResultsGlucose tolerance was not different with treatment. SF showed lower (p < 0.05) ferric reducing antioxidant power, which increased with BAcn. SF resulted in significantly decreased (p < 0.05) expression of 10 genes: acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha; V-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1; Bcl2-like 1; cytosine-cytosine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine/enhancer binding protein; FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin associated; glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (soluble); solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1, 4; hexokinase 2; and thyroglobulin. SF-A prevented these changes. Compared to SF-A, SF up-regulated (p < 0.05) complement factor D and phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit1 (α); sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 was down-regulated (p < 0.05). SF increased (p < 0.05) cardiac phospholamban and decreased phosphorylated troponin I, which were not attenuated by BAcn. Compared to control or SF, SF-A resulted in significantly lower (p < 0.05) 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase.ConclusionsSF lowered antioxidant capacity and changed the expression of insulin signalling genes, which were modulated by BAcn.
Highlights
Increased consumption of diets high in refined carbohydrates has been linked to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Eckel 2005; Mellor et al 2010)
Much is unknown about the aetiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), it can play a significant role in heart failure and in the recovery of cardiac tissue after an ischemic insult (Boudina and Abel 2007; Maisch et al 2011)
We found that feeding male Sprague Dawley rats a solid high-sucrose diet for 15 weeks did not result in the animals becoming insulin resistant, hypertriglyceridemic or obese, others have been able to achieve these metabolic abnormities using sucrose diets (Davidoff et al 2004; Vasanji et al 2006)
Summary
Increased consumption of diets high in refined carbohydrates has been linked to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Eckel 2005; Mellor et al 2010). Current estimates suggest that approximately 6.6 % of the world’s adult population is diabetic with the majority having T2DM (IDF 2009). Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that a large percentage of diabetics succumb to cardiac complications The existence of a distinct disease of the heart muscle known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has been demonstrated (Galderisi et al 1991). Much is unknown about the aetiology of DCM, it can play a significant role in heart failure and in the recovery of cardiac tissue after an ischemic insult (Boudina and Abel 2007; Maisch et al 2011).
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