Expression and regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in feeding American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis

Abstract

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by many mammalian tissues. It is also found in ticks and may function to aid the tick in regulating host responses to tick feeding. Our hypothesis is that MIF functions in tick blood meal acquisition and pathogen transmission. This study was performed to understand the expression and regulation of MIF in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis during early stages of blood feeding. We used quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR to study the gene expression during the first 96 h of feeding. Increases in MIF gene expression were observed in salivary gland and midgut tissues during the first 6 days of feeding. RNAi-mediated gene knockdown of D. variabilis MIF was demonstrated but we did not observe measureable phenotypic impact on blood meal acquisition in female ticks. These observations are consistent with previously published data on the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum and suggest that MIF may not have a direct impact on tick blood meal acquisition. Silencing of subolesin, a putative transcription factor, down-regulated MIF expression by 50 %.