Abstract
Zinc fingers and homeoboxes (ZHX) is a transcription repressor family that contains three members; ZHX1, ZHX2, and ZHX3. Although ZHX family members have been associated with the progression of cancer, their values as prognostic factors in cancer patients have been poorly examined. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly heterogeneous, aggressive cancer that responds variably to treatment. Thus, prognostic molecular markers are required to evaluate disease progression and to improve the survival. In clear cell RCC (ccRCC), ZHX1 and ZHX3 expression were found to be down-regulated but ZHX2 was up-regulated, and the expressions of ZHX1 and ZHX3 were significantly associated with pathological stage. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier and multivariate regression analysis showed that reduction in the mRNA expression of ZHX1 was associated with poorer survival. Taken together, the present study shows loss of ZHX1 is correlated with ccRCC progression and suggests it is an independent prognostic marker in ccRCC.
Highlights
Renal cell carcinoma(RCC) is the most common type of cancer originating from the renal cortex[1], and is classified according to its pathological characteristics
The expressions of ZHX1 and ZHX3 in most characteristics. Renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues were lower than in paired non-tumor tissues, whereas ZHX2 expression was higher in most ccRCC tissues (Fig 1A)
Zinc fingers and homeoboxes (ZHX) family members in renal cell carcinoma was significantly higher in ccRCC tissues than in normal tissues (Fig 1B)
Summary
Renal cell carcinoma(RCC) is the most common type of cancer originating from the renal cortex[1], and is classified according to its pathological characteristics. Renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype;other subtypes include papillary, chromophobe, collecting duct, and unclassified RCC[2]. The incidence rates of RCCs have been steadily increasing at a rate of 2 to 4% per year over past decades[3]. Low level of hemoglobin, elevated platelet count, and elevated corrected calcium are known as risk factors in RCC, and poor risk patients have a 2-year overall survival of only 7%[4]. Patients often show poor or partial response to traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy[5], and despite treatment advances made, RCC remains a highly aggressive and often.
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