Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is a relatively new member of the PDGF family, discovered nearly 20 years after the finding of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B). PDGF-C is generally expressed in most organs and cell types. Studies from the past 20 years have demonstrated critical roles of PDGF-C in numerous biological, physiological and pathological processes, such as development, angiogenesis, tumour growth, tissue remodelling, wound healing, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, stem/progenitor cell regulation and metabolism. Understanding PDGF-C expression and activities thus will be of great importance to various research disciplines. In this review, however, we mainly discuss the expression and functions of PDGF-C and its receptors in development and stem cells.
Highlights
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family consists of four ligands (PDGFA, -B, -C and -D) and two receptors (PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β) [1,2,3]
adult stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent stem cells found in adult tissues and can differentiate into various cell types [150]. induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are adult somatic cells reprogrammed by overexpressing the key transcription factors octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), MYC proto-oncogene (c-MYC) and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) with differentiation capacities similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) [151,152,153]
Since the discovery of Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) about two decades ago, studies have demonstrated its critical roles in embryonic development
Summary
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family consists of four ligands (PDGFA, -B, -C and -D) and two receptors (PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β) [1,2,3]. The phosphorylated receptors activate various downstream pathways, including RasMAPK, PI3 K and PLC-γ signalling, and participate in diverse physiological and pathological processes, such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, tumour growth, stem cell regulation and metabolism [2,5,6,7]. Studies from the past 20 years or so have demonstrated important roles of PDGF-C in diverse biological processes, such as development, tumour growth, angiogenesis, wound healing, tissue remodelling, fibrosis, atherosclerosis, metabolism and stem/progenitor cell regulation [5,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. We mainly discuss the roles and expressions of PDGF-C and its receptors in human and murine development and stem cells
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