Abstract
Anthropogenic activities often produce pollutants that can affect the physiology, growth and reproductive success of wildlife. Many metals and trace elements play important roles in physiological processes, and exposure to even moderately elevated concentrations of essential and non-essential elements could have subtle effects on physiology, particularly during development. We examined the effects of exposure to a number of elements from a coal fly ash spill that occurred in December 2008 and has since been remediated on the stress and immune responses of nestling tree swallows. We found that nestlings at the site of the spill had significantly greater blood concentrations of Cu, Hg, Se and Zn in 2011, but greater concentrations only of Se in 2012, in comparison to reference colonies. The concentrations of elements were below levels of significant toxicological concern in both years. In 2011, we found no relationship between exposure to elements associated with the spill and basal or stress-induced corticosterone concentrations in nestlings. In 2012, we found that Se exposure was not associated with cell-mediated immunity based on the response to phytohaemagglutinin injection. However, the bactericidal capacity of nestling plasma had a positive but weak association with blood Se concentrations, and this association was stronger at the spill site. Our results indicate that exposure to these low concentrations of elements had few effects on nestling endocrine and immune physiology. The long-term health consequences of low-level exposure to elements and of exposure to greater element concentrations in avian species require additional study.
Highlights
Humans are rapidly altering the environment and while these changes may threaten the persistence of species and populations (Vitousek et al, 1997), they may have subtle,non-lethal effects on individuals
Given that only Cu, Hg, Se and Zn were significantly elevated at the spill site in comparison to reference colonies, we focused on the effect of these elements on the basal and induced plasma corticosterone concentrations of nestlings
We examined the effects of exposure to elements from a recently remediated coal fly ash spill on the stress and immune responses of nestling tree swallows
Summary
Humans are rapidly altering the environment and while these changes may threaten the persistence of species and populations (Vitousek et al, 1997), they may have subtle,non-lethal effects on individuals. Exposure to anthropogenic pollutants can affect physiology (Acevedo-Whitehouse and Duffus, 2009; Martin et al, 2010), compromise reproductive performance (Heinz, 1996; Baos et al, 2012) and affect development of vertebrates (Markman et al, 2011). Conservation Physiology Volume 2 2014 including heavy metals, metalloids and trace elements, are one form of pollution that wildlife are exposed to through a number of anthropogenic processes, such as intensive agriculture (Ohlendorf et al, 1986; Orłowski et al, 2010), mining (Weech et al, 2012), coal combustion (Rowe et al, 2002) and metal smelting (Janssens et al, 2001) Some of these elements are of known toxicological importance, such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), as well as elements that are nutritionally important but become toxic at elevated concentrations, such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). Exposure to even moderately elevated concentrations of some elements during development may affect physiological processes, such as stress and immune responses, which are directly relevant to survival and reproduction
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