Exposure to p-dichlorobenzene and serum α-Klotho levels among US participants in their middle and late adulthood

Abstract

P-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is a volatile compound commonly used as pest repellent and air deodorant in the home and public buildings, leading to a widespread exposure in indoor environments. There has been an increasing concern about its metabolic and endocrine effects. In this study, we explored the relation between p-DCB exposure and serum levels of soluble α-Klotho, an anti-aging hormone, in US adults. A nationally representative subsample of 1485 adults 40–79 ages in the 2013–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was analyzed for the association between p-DCB exposure, measured as urinary concentrations of 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), the major metabolite of p-DCB, and serum α-Klotho levels using multiple general linear models, adjusting for potential confounders. Age- and sex-specific analyses were further conducted. The weighted geometric mean of urinary 2,5-DCP was 2.43 μg/L and the weighted mean of serum α-Klotho was 831.97 pg/mL in the study participants during 2013–2016. After adjusting for potential confounders and urinary creatinine, urinary 2,5-DCP was significantly associated with decreased serum levels of α-Klotho (regression coefficient β = −9.88; p = 0.0133) in the total study population. When age- and sex-specific analyses being conducted, a significantly inverse association was found in older adults aged 60–79 years (β = −20.40; p = 0.0001) and in males (β = −13.81; p = 0.0097), but not in the middle ages (40–59 years) and in females. The strongest association was observed in older (60–79 years) male participants, with a 25.43 pg/mL reduction of α-Klotho levels per 1-unit increase of 2,5-DCP concentrations (p = 0.0008). This is the first study demonstrating a relation between p-DCB exposure, measured as 2,5-DCP, and decreased α-Klotho levels in older males. Additional studies would further explore these interactions and elucidate the pathogenesis of the potential effects of p-DCB exposure on aging.