Exposure to disinfection by-products and reproductive hormones among women: Results from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) study

Abstract

BackgroundDisinfection by-products (DBPs) have been shown to impair female reproductive function. However, epidemiological evidence on reproductive hormones is scarce. ObjectiveTo investigate the associations between DBP exposures and reproductive hormones among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. MethodsWe included 725 women from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) Study, an ongoing cohort conducted in Wuhan, China during December 2018 and January 2020. Urine samples collected at recruitment were quantified for dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as biomarkers of DBP exposures. At day 2–5 of menstruation, serum reproductive hormones including luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), total testosterone (T), progesterone (PRGE), and prolactin (PRL) were determined. Multivariate linear regression models were performed to assess the associations of urinary DCAA and TCAA concentrations with reproductive hormone levels. Dose-response relationships were investigated using natural cubic spline (NCS) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models. ResultsAfter adjusting for relevant confounders, we observed that higher urinary DCAA levels were associated with increased serum PRGE (9.2%; 95% CI: −0.55%, 19.8% for the highest vs. lowest tertile; P for trend = 0.06). Based on NCS models, we observed U-shaped associations of urinary DCAA with serum PRGE and PRL; each ln-unit increment in urinary DCAA concentrations above 3.61 μg/L and 6.30 μg/L was associated with 18.9% (95% CI: 4.8%, 34.7%) and 23.3% (95% CI: −0.92%, 53.5%) increase in serum PRGE and PRL, respectively. The U-shaped associations were further confirmed in RCS models (P for overall association ≤0.01 and P for non-linear associations ≤0.04). We did not observe evidence of associations between urinary TCAA and reproductive hormones. ConclusionUrinary DCAA but not TCAA was associated with altered serum PRGE and PRL levels among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology.