Exposure to air pollution might decrease bone mineral density and increase the prevalence of osteoporosis: a Mendelian randomization study.

Abstract

With the aging of the population, the prevalence of osteoporosis is escalating. Observational studies suggest that air pollution might diminish bone mineral density (BMD), contributing to elevating the likelihood of developing osteoporosis. Employing a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, our study aimed to explore the potential causal effect of air pollution on total-body BMD. We utilized extensive publicly available data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in this research. Inverse variance weighting was selected for the primary effect estimation, complemented by additional approaches such as the weighted median, MR-Egger, simple mode, and weighted mode. Sensitivity analyses were then conducted to evaluate heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and the presence of outliers. In the MR analysis, our findings revealed causal associations between nitrogen oxides (β = - 0.55, 95% CI - 0.90 to - 0.21, P = 0.002) and particulate matter (PM) 2.5 (β = - 0.33, 95% CI - 0.59 to - 0.08, P = 0.010) and a reduction in total-body BMD. No significant associations were detected between PM2.5-10, PM10, nitrogen dioxide, and total-body BMD (P > 0.05). Rigorous sensitivity analyses verified the stability of these significant results. Our study illustrates that exposure to nitrogen oxides and PM2.5 may lead to a decrease in total-body BMD, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. This evidence holds crucial implications for policymakers and healthcare providers, as it can provide targeted interventions for the prevention of osteoporosis.