Exposure of tilapian fish to the pesticide lindane results in hypocellularity of the primary hematopoietic organ (pronephros) and the spleen without altering activity of phagocytic cells in these organs

Abstract

Tilapia were dosed by intraperitoneal injection for 5 consecutive days with either 20 or 40 mg/kg of the environmental contaminant hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane). The effects of this organochlorine pesticide on morphology and total cellularity of the spleen and pronephros were examined on the second day following termination of dosing. The functional capacity of phagocytic cells isolated from both spleen and pronephros was also evaluated as possible additional indicators of chemical-induced immunotoxicity. A dose-related reduction was found in spleen and pronephros total white blood cell counts in the fish exposed to lindane. In addition, hypocellularity of lymphoid regions in the spleen and pronephros was evident in chemical-exposed animals upon histopathological examination. However, phagocytosis of fluorescent microspheres by phagocytic cells isolated from the spleen and pronephros was not inhibited by the exposure to lindane. Similarly, no decrease in phorbolmyristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated hydrogen peroxide production was observed in phagocytic cells collected from lindane-exposed fish. These results suggest that cellular depletion in tilapia spleen and pronephros may represent a more sensitive indicator of lindane exposure than does the functional capacity of phagocytic cells isolated from these hematopoietic organs. Ultrastructural observations support this hypothesis and, further, suggest that lymphocytic cells may be targeted at the present exposure levels.