Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease worldwide that causes numerous complications, including male infertility. The prevalence of DM is 451 million people and estimated that would increase to 693 million in 2045. Fluorosis caused by drinking water contaminated with inorganic fluoride is a public health problem in many areas around the world. Previous studies have shown that fluoride exposure damages the male reproductive function. This study aimed to evaluate the fluoride sub-chronic exposure on the spermatozoa function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. After confirming diabetes by measuring blood glucose levels, the male mice received 45.2 ppm of fluoride added or deionized water. We evaluated several parameters in diabetic mice exposed to fluoride: standard quality analysis, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ψm), the caspase activity in spermatozoa, urinary fluoride excretion, and histological evaluation in the testes. After 60 days of fluoride-exposure, diabetic mice, significantly decreased sperm quality (motility, viability, and concentration). Spermatozoa from fluoride-exposure in diabetic mice presented a significant decrease in ψm and a significant increase in activity caspase 3/7. Urinary fluoride excretion was decreased in diabetic mice exposed to fluoride. Subchronic fluoride exposure of mice with STZ-induced diabetes aggravated testicular damage and the spermatozoa function.
Highlights
Fluoride is an abundant environmental pollutant widely existing in rocks, soil, water, food, and others [1]
Previous studies have shown that uoride exposure damages the male reproductive function. is study aimed to evaluate the uoride sub-chronic exposure on the spermatozoa function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice
There was no signi cant di erence in body weight compared with the STZ group (Table 1)
Summary
Fluoride is an abundant environmental pollutant widely existing in rocks, soil, water, food, and others [1]. The concentration of uoride in water depends on every geographical location, the principal sources of uoride in the human body are uoride containing dental products and uoridated water. Worldwide studies reveal that various regions of Africa, USA, Argentina, Bulgaria, China, Ethiopia, Iran, Korea, and Mexico have a high uoride concentration leading to severe contamination of drinking water [2]. The U.S PHS recommendation stated that the optimum concentration of uoride in drinking water should be within a range of 0.7–1.2 ppm [3]. A disease caused by depositions of uoride in the body, a ects the skeletal tissue and teeth [4], and so tissues, such as the liver [5], the kidney [6], the brain [7, 8] and the testes tissues [9]. Spermatozoa generated in the process of spermatogenesis are highly specialized cells, which functions in transporting and delivering the male genetic information to the descendant, the integrity
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