Abstract
Swimming pools and spas require a high hygiene level, and therefore constant cleaning. In this study, cleaning workers’ exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), trichloramine (TCA), and particulate matter (PM) in the swimming pools and spas were evaluated. Also, statistical methods were employed to determine what activities affect the exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The study was conducted in 32 swimming pools and spas. The measurement locations were pool areas, bathrooms, and locker rooms, both during cleaning and opening hours. During the cleaning, the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations were low, on average 96, 251, and 91 µg/m3 for locker rooms, bathrooms, and pool areas, respectively. Similarly, during the opening hours, the TVOC concentrations were on average 78, 125, and 83 µg/m3, for locker rooms, bathrooms, and pool areas, respectively. This is in line with previous studies investigating cleaning work in other environments. The most prevalent compounds during the cleaning were 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol (DEGBE), 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol (DEGEE), 2-butyl-1-octanol, trichloromethane (chloroform), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and carbon tetrachloride. The most prevalent compounds during the opening hours were D5, D-limonene, carbon tetrachloride (bathrooms and pool areas), and trichloromethane (bathrooms and pool areas). The TCA concentrations during the cleaning in the bathrooms and pool areas were on average 60 and 67 µg/m3, respectively, and during the opening hours, 28 and 122 µg/m3, respectively. The use of disinfectants was found to increase the TCA concentration in the bathrooms, while the other cleaning products did not. Even though the TCA concentrations were below the WHO’s guideline and the Finnish occupational exposure limit value of 500 µg/m3, the measured TCA levels were occasionally high enough to pose a risk of irritative symptoms. The PM concentrations were low, both in the real-time monitoring (aerodynamic diameter, Dae ≤ 15 µm) and inhalable dust samples (Dae ≤ 100 µm). Highest measured inhalable dust concentration was 350 µg/m3, well below the Finnish occupational limit value of 5,000 µg/m3 for organic inhalable dust.
Highlights
The cleaning sector is globally a significant employer
The present study aimed to investigate the exposure of cleaning workers to different chemical compounds (VOCs, trichloramine, and particulate matter) evaporating from the cleaning products and the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from the swimming pool water, to evaluate how factors such as the age and size of the building, facility type, use of disinfectants and other cleaning products, and the number of visitors affect the cleaning workers’ exposure to DBPs
31 different cleaning products were used in the studied swimming pools and spas
Summary
The cleaning sector is globally a significant employer. For example, over 61,000, 4 million, and 2.3 million cleaning workers and janitors are employed in Finland, Europe, and the USA, respectively (Bureau of Labor Statistics; European Cleaning and Facilities Services Industry (EFCI); Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, FinlandDepartment of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, FinlandOfficial Statistics of Finland (OSF) 2019). Over 61,000, 4 million, and 2.3 million cleaning workers and janitors are employed in Finland, Europe, and the USA, respectively (Bureau of Labor Statistics; European Cleaning and Facilities Services Industry (EFCI); Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. Despite its importance, cleaning work is underpaid, underrated, and physically demanding; cleaning workers are exposed to both chemicals and thermal conditions. A study focusing on the health care sector found that the cleaning workers have a higher risk for a work-related injury than other workers in the sector (Alamgir and Yu 2008). Research regarding cleaning workers has focused on the prevalence of occupational asthma which is more prevalent among cleaning workers than in many other occupations (Folletti et al 2017). Due to the nature of the tasks performed, cleaning workers are susceptible to
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