Exposure of carbon nanotubes affects testis and brain of common carp

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes production has been rapidly increasing for many potential applications, however, the environmental impact of this nanomaterial needs to be comprehended. The present work focused on unraveling the effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The physicochemical properties of SWCNT were analyzed with X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infra-red, UV-Vis absorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy before testing for exposure impact. The effects of SWCNT, were investigated by exposing to two doses viz., 10 and 50 μg/L, for 7 days in adult common carp, in vivo. Expression of key steroidogenic and transcription factor genes related to testis and brain were downregulated after the treatment. The concomitant decreases in serum testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone levels revealed the impact of SWCNT after exposure. Further, SWCNT exposure induced antioxidant enzymes namely glutathione-S-transferases, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in both testis and brain. Concurrently, histological and TEM analysis of testis revealed structural disarray. In addition, SWCNT treatment, in testicular and brain primary cell cultures decreased cell viability with an increase of reactive oxygen species levels, leading to a significant elevation of apoptotic cells. In line with this, low mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA damage were also observed during post SWCNT treatment. Taken together, transient exposure of SWCNT causes toxic effects and alters testicular and brain function in the common carp. Thus, the discharge of carbon nanotubes poses a greater risk to the aquatic environment warranting regulatory measures.