Explosive sound source localization in indoor and outdoor environments using modified Levenberg Marquardt algorithm

Abstract

In this paper, a modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (MLMA) is proposed to localize the ‘point of burst’ of an explosive sound source over the range of (0.5–2500) m. The objective function for minimization is formulated through the time difference of arrival based multilateration approach. The developed method uses four exclusive steps to satisfy global convergence along with fast computational speed. The performance of the proposed method is validated through both indoor-outdoor experiments and simulation studies and compared to other well-known methods. The experimental results show that the non-iterative approaches perform satisfactorily only if the ratio of microphone spacing to source rangeris greater than 0.30. However, the iterative approaches outperform non-iterative approaches for anyr. It is also observed that the MLMA converges globally at least five times faster than other algorithms. The numerical simulation results also demonstrate that the MLMA provides optimal solutions at lower and higher noise thresholds.