Exploring the potentialities of a biodegradable polymeric film in sample preparation: An optimized “white” protocol to extract and quantify emerging contaminants in water

Abstract

BackgroundThe introduction of white analytical chemistry encourages the development of methods characterized by a balance among greenness, productivity/feasibility and analytical performances. In the environmental analysis of emerging contaminants (ECs), for which high sensitivity and specificity are mandatory, the use of green and sustainable sample preparation needs to be coupled to a reliable analytical determination. Herein, an extraction method based on the use of a biodegradable polymeric film (Mater-Bi) and coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis was developed for the sensitive determination of ECs in wastewater. ResultsThe interaction among a range of ECs and the Mater-Bi film (a commercially available patented blend of polybutylene-terephthalate, starch and fatty acids) was investigated by two sequential experimental designs, to simultaneously study several factors and optimize extraction efficiency. The final method, resembling a fabric phase sorptive extraction, involved pH and ionic strength modification of the sample, 1h extraction and desorption in ethanol. Satisfactory recoveries from real wastewater were obtained for sixteen analytes (56–116 %), as well as excellent precision (inter-day relative standard deviations below 10 % for most compounds). Matrix effect was in the range 88–116 % at the lower pre-concentration factor, but also acceptable in most cases at the higher pre-concentration factor. LODs in matrix, from 0.004 to 0.159 μg L−1, were lower than or comparable to those from recent studies employing green extraction procedures. The method demonstrated its applicability to samples from wastewater treatment plants, allowing quantification of pharmaceuticals and UV filters at the μg L−1 and ng L−1 levels, respectively. SignificanceFor the first time, the synthetic biopolymer Mater-Bi, so far unexplored for the use in analytical chemistry, was exploited for a green, simple and extremely cheap extraction protocol. The optimized method is suitable for several ECs, guaranteeing very good accuracy, precision and specificity, also thanks to the LC-MS/MS analysis. The evaluation by green and white analytical chemistry metrics highlighted its superiority to conventional extraction methods.