Exploring the molecular and neuronal bases involved in central amygdala-dependent control of emotional behaviors

Abstract

The central extended amygdala, including the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTL), is a pivotal brain region involved in the threat processing responsible for emotional states such as fear and anxiety. These brain regions alter their circuit activities and exhibit necessary functions to adapt to environmental changes. When faced with excessive threats or stress, it is thought that these neural circuit functions are disrupted and cause various stress-related psychiatric disorders. The CeA and BNSTL were suggested to be the same nuclei separated during development because of their dense neural connections, and the similarities in cellular composition and connectivity patterns with other brain regions. On the other side, some recent studies suggested functional differences between these two regions in controlling emotional behaviors. However, functional segregation at the subnuclei level was insufficient since the two regions have complex circuit structures composed of multiple subnuclei. In this review, we introduce the similarities and differences between the CeA and BNSTL that have been clarified from our recent comparative studies of gene expression profiles and circuit functions at the subnuclei level. Additionally, we also discuss how it can contribute to understanding the molecular pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, including stress-related psychiatric disorders.