Exploring the Liquid Structure and Ion Formation in Magnesium Borohydride Electrolyte Using Density Functional Theory

Abstract

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have attracted much interest due their high volumetric capacity, potential for safe operation, and the natural abundance of magnesium. However, the development of magnesium batteries for practical applications has been obstructed by the lack of understanding of the liquid structure of electrolytes. Herein, we use quantum density functional theory coupled with a continuum solvation model to investigate the structure of Mg(BH4)2 in two ethereal solvents: tetrahydrofuran (THF), and monoglyme (G1). The most energetically favorable clusters of Mg(BH4)2, MgBH4+, and Mg2+, with associated solvent molecule ligands, are determined. The free energy required to generate monovalent ions in the electrolyte is positive and the formation of divalent complexes is prohibitive. Singly and doubly charged complexes are more stable in G1 than THF, which is consistent with experimental findings. From the standpoint of free energy, clusters containing multiple magnesium atoms are not favored. Theoretical 25Mg-NMR, 11B-NMR spectra, and infrared vibrational modes of borohydride were calculated for each cluster. The relationships between cluster charge and the signals of each spectrum are determined. These analytical descriptors could be useful to characterize the degree of ion dissociation in the electrolyte.