Abstract
A. Zanfei (&) Department of Economics, Society and Politics, University of Urbino, Via Saffi 42, 61029 Urbino, Italy e-mail: antonello.zanfei@uniurb.it 1 Resorting to foreign unaffiliated companies is often dubbed as offshore outsourcing, including pure supply relationships as well as more comprehensive partnership subcontracting. Offshoring within the boundaries of multinational enterprises (MNEs) is also referred to as offshore in-house sourcing (OECD 2006) or captive offshoring (Kedia and Mukherjee 2008). Strictly speaking, this definition implies a total or partial closure of activities at home and their transfer to new or existing foreign affiliates. However, it is widely accepted that offshoring may also include all greenfield and brownfield foreign direct investment (FDI) and outsourcing to independent companies, no matter whether they substitute for activities at home.
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