Exploring the level of urbanization based on Zipf’s scaling exponent

Abstract

The rank–size distribution of cities follows Zipf’s law, and the Zipf scaling exponent often tends to a constant 1. This seems to be a general rule. However, a recent numerical experiment shows that there exists a contradiction between the Zipf exponent 1 and high urbanization level in a large population country. In this paper, mathematical modeling, computational analysis, and the method of proof by contradiction are employed to reveal the numerical relationships between urbanization level and Zipf scaling exponent. The main findings are as follows. (1) If Zipf scaling exponent equals 1, the urbanization rate of a large populous country can hardly exceed 50%. (2) If Zipf scaling exponent is less than 1, the urbanization level of large populous countries can exceeds 80%. A conclusion can be drawn that the Zipf exponent is the control parameter for the urbanization dynamics. In order to improve the urbanization level of large population countries, it is necessary to reduce the Zipf scaling exponent. Allometric growth law is employed to interpret the change of Zipf exponent, and scaling transform is employed to prove that different definitions of cities do no influence the above analytical conclusion essentially. This study provides a new way of looking at Zipf’s law of city-size distribution and urbanization dynamics.