Abstract
Existing cascading models of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) mainly focus on the impacts of network topologies, but fail to take into consideration the impacts of routing protocols, making the cascading feature of WSNs not well reflected. Therefore, in this paper, we design a routing-based cascading model of WSNs and present a routing recovery mechanism. In the proposed model, the load of a sensor node is defined as the number of data packets it is processing and is limited by its congestion state. In addition, overloaded nodes can self-recover instead of failing permanently. We explored the impacts of modeling parameters and evaluated the cascading invulnerability of most-commonly used routing protocols in WSNs. Extensive simulations have shown that the cascading invulnerability of WSNs is positively related to the overload-tolerance coefficient and inversely related to the congestion-tolerance coefficient, and the time required for overloaded nodes to reboot should be as short as possible. Moreover, we find that placing the sink node near the network center is conducive to the network invulnerability and the network can be recovered in a few steps by using the proposed routing recovery mechanism.
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