Exploring the Interplay: Oral–Gut Microbiome Connection and the Impact of Diet and Nutrition

Abstract

AbstractThe intricate interplay between the oral and intestinal microbiota holds increasing fascination within the context of health and nutrition. Serving as the gateway to the gastrointestinal tract, the oral microbiota hosts a diverse array of microbial species that significantly influence well-being or contribute to various diseases. Dysbiosis in the oral microbiota has been linked to conditions such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, and systemic disorders, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and colorectal cancer. This review aims to comprehend the nuanced relationship between oral and intestinal microbiotas, exploring the pivotal role of diet in developing strategies for wellness promotion and disease prevention. Drawing insights from a myriad of studies encompassing both animals and humans, we examine the implications of microbial dysbiosis and its impact on health. A bibliographic search of 78 scientific articles was conducted across PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Saudi digital library from January 2000 to August 2023. Following a rigorous screening process, the full texts of selected articles were critically reviewed to extract relevant information. Articles not meeting the inclusion criteria—specifically focused on oral–intestinal microbiota interaction and diet and nutrition—were meticulously excluded. Diet emerges as a key player in influencing both oral and intestinal microbiotas. Various dietary components, such as fiber, prebiotics, probiotics, and bioactive compounds, have demonstrated significant effects on the diversity and function of microorganisms in these ecosystems. Conversely, diets high in processed foods, added sugars, and saturated fats correlate with dysbiosis and an elevated risk of oral and gastrointestinal diseases. Understanding the intricacies of this interaction is paramount for the development of innovative approaches fostering a balanced oral–gut microbiota axis and improving overall human health. The implications extend to preventive and therapeutic interventions, emphasizing the practical importance of unraveling these complexities for public health and clinical practice. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between gut and oral microbiota, shedding light on their roles in various diseases, particularly focusing on oral diseases. Key findings are summarized, and implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. In conclusion, the review underscores the urgent need for special attention to key microbiota in developing targeted interventions for promoting oral and gut health.