Abstract
The synthesis of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) was explored, through a one-step wet mechanochemical route, with the use of a NETZSCH LME 1 horizontal bead mill. Raw materials selected comprised of a mixture of metallic oxides/hydroxides promoting green synthesis. The research aims to expand on the understanding of the wet mechanochemical synthesis of Mg-Al LDH through variation in milling and synthesis parameters. The selected parameters investigated were rotational speed, retention time, solids loading, bead size and jacket water inlet temperature. Samples were collected, filtered and dried at 60 °C for 12 h. Unless stated otherwise, or under investigation, parameters were kept constant at pre-selected conditions adapted from existing literature. LDH synthesis was deemed to occur successfully at elevated jacket water temperatures of 50 °C and longer retention times. It was noted that Al(OH)3 XRD peak reduction occurred readily for increased rotational speeds and residence times, regardless of system temperature. MgO was deemed to react more readily at elevated temperatures. It was proposed that the amorphitisation and mechanochemical activation of Al(OH)3 contributed to its dissolution providing the relevant Al3+ ions necessary for Mg2+ isomorphic substitution. Increasing the system temperature promoted the hydration of MgO, with the absence of Mg(OH)2 attributed to its contribution as an intermediate phase prior to LDH formation.
Highlights
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are clay-like minerals, commonly referred to as ‘anionic clays’, represented by the general formula [MII 1−x MIII x (OH)2 ][Xq− x/q ·H2 O]
The research was aimed at expanding on the one-step wet mechanochemical synthesis of LDH materials
The synthesis of Mg-Al LDH was successful at elevated jacket water temperatures and increased residence times, with S12 yielding the best result
Summary
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are clay-like minerals, commonly referred to as ‘anionic clays’, represented by the general formula [MII 1−x MIII x (OH)2 ][Xq− x/q ·H2 O]. The selected divalent and trivalent metal elements are represented by MII and MIII and the interlayer composition is denoted by [Xq− x/q ·H2 O]. Common applications for LDH materials include pharmaceuticals, as additives in cosmetics and polymers, as nanomaterial’s and within the field of catalysis. This is primarily due to their wide variety of physical and chemical properties, such as having variable charge density, a reactive interlayer space, ion exchange capabilities, varying chemical compositions and rheological properties [1]. Multiple techniques exist for the synthesis of LDH materials These traditionally include co-precipitation, reconstruction, the urea method, induced hydrolysis, sol-gel and hydrothermal methods [1,2]. Many existing synthesis techniques produce environmentally unfriendly effluents or by-products, are energy intensive, make use of metallic salts or require complex inert environments which are difficult to scale to a commercial level [3]
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