Exploring the impact of adolescent cognitive inflexibility on emotional and behavioural problems experienced by autistic adults.

Matthew J Hollocks,Gillian Baird,Andrew Pickles,Catherine Lord,Emily Simonoff,Tony Charman

doi:10.1177/13623613211046160

Abstract

Autistic young people experience high levels of co-occurring mental health difficulties, including anxiety, depression and behavioural difficulties, across their lifespan. Understanding the neuropsychological mechanisms which underlie these difficulties is vital in developing personalised supports and interventions. Cognitive inflexibility is one candidate mechanism which is associated with co-occurring mental health comorbidities but is also associated with other features of autism such as restricted and repetitive behaviours. This study investigates the distinct longitudinal association between cognitive inflexibility, measured using objective neuropsychological measures and emotional and behavioural problems across adolescence and early adulthood. Eighty-one autistic people from a population-based longitudinal study were assessed at 16 and 23 years on measures of emotional and behavioural problems, with cognitive inflexibility, restricted and repetitive behaviours and verbal intelligence quotient measured at 16 years. We used structural equation modelling to investigate the relationship between cognitive inflexibility and emotional and behavioural symptoms at both timepoints while accounting for the severity of restricted and repetitive behaviours and verbal intelligence quotient. Our results indicate an effect of cognitive inflexibility on increased behavioural problems at 16 years and emotional problems across timepoints, which is distinct from restricted and repetitive behaviours and verbal intelligence quotient. Exploratory mediation analyses suggest that cognitive inflexibility may be one mechanism through which emotional difficulties are maintained longitudinally.Lay abstractAutistic people experience high levels of co-occurring mental health difficulties. To develop more effective treatments, a greater understanding of the thinking processes that may lead to these difficulties is needed. Cognitive inflexibility, defined as a rigid pattern of thoughts and subsequently behaviours, is one possible thinking trait which has previously been associated with both co-occurring mental health difficulties but also other features of autism such as restricted and repetitive behaviours. Restricted and repetitive behaviours include repetitive movements, ritualistic behaviours, and/or highly focused interests. This study investigates the relationship between, cognitive inflexibility, measured using neuropsychological tasks, and emotional and behavioural problems across adolescence and early adulthood. Eighty-one autistic people who were recruited to be representative of the wider autism population were assessed at 16 and 23 years on measures of emotional and behavioural problems, with cognitive inflexibility, restricted and repetitive behaviours and verbal intelligence measured at 16 years. We used statistical modelling to investigate the relationship between cognitive inflexibility and emotional and behavioural symptoms at both timepoints while accounting for the possible relationship with restricted and repetitive behaviours and verbal intelligence quotient. Our results suggest that cognitive inflexibility may be an important factor associated with emotional difficulties across adolescence and early adulthood. This suggests that developing intervention approaches targeting cognitive inflexibility may be an important step in improving the mental health of those with autism.

Highlights

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by difficulties with reciprocal social communication, restricted interests and repetitive behaviours (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Our results suggest that cognitive inflexibility may be an important factor associated with emotional difficulties across adolescence and early adulthood
While at a population-level symptoms of emotional and behavioural difficulties as a whole seem to reduce in autistic people between childhood and early adulthood (Stringer et al, 2020), this is not true for all, and the high prevalence of co-occurring emotional and behavioural symptoms remains relatively stable throughout childhood (Simonoff et al, 2013) and into early adulthood (Woodman et al, 2016)

Summary

Introduction

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by difficulties with reciprocal social communication, restricted interests and repetitive behaviours (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) In addition to these core features, it is recognised that a high proportion of autistic people have co-occurring difficulties with emotions (anxiety and low mood) and can display angry, irritable or aggressive behaviours (hereafter referred to as behavioural difficulties) for a variety of reasons including heightened anxiety, emotion regulation difficulties and environmental factors. While at a population-level symptoms of emotional and behavioural difficulties as a whole seem to reduce in autistic people between childhood and early adulthood (Stringer et al, 2020), this is not true for all, and the high prevalence of co-occurring emotional and behavioural symptoms remains relatively stable throughout childhood (Simonoff et al, 2013) and into early adulthood (Woodman et al, 2016). It is unclear whether emotional and behavioural difficulties have common or overlapping aetiologies, but the high rates of co-occurrence suggest that there may be one or more underlying processes associated with a more general difficulty in emotional and behavioural regulation (Conner et al, 2020)

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