Exploring the Feasibility of Kuiper Belt Missions Supported by Centrifugal Nuclear Thermal Propulsion

Abstract

Missions to the Kuiper belt have previously been carried out only as flybys and with very small payloads. Investigating launch windows for Kuiper belt missions supported by centrifugal nuclear thermal propulsion (CNTP) contributes to defining its operational use case. Results indicate that CNTP enables rendezvous missions to the Kuiper belt, both with direct transfer trajectories or planetary gravity assist trajectories, although there are many challenges to making these mission architectures feasible. The direct trajectories have transfer times of roughly 14 to 16 years while combining CNTP with gravity assists from Jupiter could lower transfer time to as low as 10 to 12 years to Kuiper belt objects such as Pluto and Quaoar. These missions are then shown to inform the architecture of the CNTP injection stage vehicle, which can be supported by heavy and super-heavy commercial launch vehicles with a single launch. Last, drawbacks of the mission and vehicle architectures are given that impose limits on the use case for CNTP on these missions.