Exploring the factors shaping the illicit caviar trade: A case study of Switzerland's evolution from 1998 to 2021

Abstract

This exploratory study investigates the evolution of illegal caviar trade in Switzerland from 1998 to 2021, considering the interplay of supply, demand, and regulations. Through a case study approach, interviews with eight experts in wildlife and caviar trades are analysed using a general inductive analysis methodology, guided by the market reduction approach and transaction cost theory. The study identifies two distinct periods in the evolution of the illegal caviar trade in Switzerland: the "conservation problem" period (1998–2010) and the "regulatory problem" period (2011–2021). Applying the CAPTURED model, the attractiveness of caviar as an illicit commodity is analyzed. The findings also highlight two key factors that contributed to Switzerland’s shift from a potential caviar trade hub to a country with limited customs seizures for private travelers: market dynamics (demand and supply shifts) and regulatory changes. Whereas import regulations played a crucial role in curbing the illicit caviar market by increasing control and detection risks, shift in demand may have contributed to the self-perish of wild caviar trade, while shift in supply may have grown criminal interest toward selling wrongly labelled rather than openly poached caviar. The study also considers the presence of undetected organized crime groups and the challenge of using seizures as an indicator of illegal trade. Given the potential for changes in market structure and regulatory frameworks, ongoing and vigilant monitoring of the caviar trade is emphasized as necessary. This research highlights the importance of effective regulatory measures and consumer awareness in combating this crime against the environment.