Exploring the Effects of Self-Correction Behavior of an Intelligent Virtual Character during a Jigsaw Puzzle Co-Solving Task

Abstract

Although researchers have explored how humans perceive the intelligence of virtual characters, few studies have focused on the ability of intelligent virtual characters to fix their mistakes. Thus, we explored the self-correction behavior of a virtual character with different intelligence capabilities in a within-group design ( \(N=23\) ) study. For this study, we developed a virtual character that can solve a jigsaw puzzle whose self-correction behavior is controlled by two parameters, namely, Intelligence and Accuracy of Self-correction . Then, we integrated the virtual character into our virtual reality experience and asked participants to co-solve a jigsaw puzzle. During the study, our participants were exposed to five experimental conditions resulting from combinations of the Intelligence and Accuracy of Self-correction parameters. In each condition, we asked our participants to respond to a survey examining their perceptions of the virtual character’s intelligence and awareness (private, public, and surroundings awareness) and user experiences, including trust, enjoyment, performance, frustration, and desire for future interaction. We also collected application logs, including participants’ dwell gaze data, completion times, and the number of puzzle pieces they placed to co-solve the jigsaw puzzle. The results of all the survey ratings and the completion time were statistically significant. Our results indicated that higher levels of Intelligence and Accuracy of Self-correction enhanced not only our participants’ perceptions of the virtual character’s intelligence, awareness (private, public, and surroundings), trustworthiness, and performance but also increased their enjoyment and desire for future interaction with the virtual character while reducing their frustration and completion time. Moreover, we found that as the Intelligence and Accuracy of Self-correction increased, participants had to place fewer puzzle pieces and needed less time to complete the jigsaw puzzle. Finally, regardless of the experimental condition to which we exposed our participants, they gazed at the virtual character for more time compared to the puzzle pieces and puzzle goal in the virtual environment.