Abstract
Effective control of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (blackgrass) solely with a chemical treatment is not guaranteed anymore because populations exhibit resistance to almost all herbicide modes of action. Integrated weed management (IWM) against blackgrass is necessary to maintain high weed control efficacies in winter cereals. Four field experiments were conducted in Southwest Germany from 2018 to 2020 to control A. myosuroides with a combination of cultural and chemical methods. Stubble treatments, including flat, deep and inversion soil tillage; false seedbed preparation and glyphosate use, were combined with the application of the new pre-emergence herbicide cinmethylin in two rates in winter wheat. Average densities of A. myosuroides in the untreated control plots were up to 505 plants m−2. The combination of different stubble management strategies and the pre-emergence herbicide cinmethylin controlled 86–97% of A. myosuroides plants at the low rate and 95–100% at the high rate until 120 days after sowing. The different stubble tillage practices varied in their efficacy between trials and years. Most effective and consistent were pre-sowing glyphosate application on the stubble and stale seedbed preparation with a disc harrow. Stubble treatments increased winter wheat density in the first year but had no effect on crop density in the second year. Pre-emergence application of cinmethylin did not reduce winter wheat densities. Multiple tactics of weed control, including stubble treatments and pre-emergence application of cinmethylin, provided higher and more consistent control of A. myosuroides. Integration of cultural weed management could prevent the herbicide resistance development.
Highlights
Since the 1990s, there have been no new modes of action of herbicides
The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of the new soil residual herbicide cinmethylin against A. myosuroides and the crop response at different locations over two years in winter wheat combined with different stubble treatments
In a two-year study on four experimental sites in Southwest Germany, it was demonstrated that cinmethylin at both application rates provides control efficacies of more than
Summary
Since the 1990s, there have been no new modes of action of herbicides. The number of available, effective herbicides to combat herbicide-resistant weed populations is strongly limited [1,2,3]. Alopecurus myosuroides Huds (blackgrass) is a very abundant grass weed in Western European cropping systems [4]. The increasing density of A. myosuroides can be attributed to higher proportions of autumn sown crops, such as winter cereals in the crop rotations, reduced tillage practices and a selection of herbicide-resistant populations against all common modes of action [1,5,6,7,8]. The seeds of A. myosuroides are viable for up to 5 years in soil, but each year approximately 74% of the seeds in the soil are degraded [9,10].
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