Abstract
Programming is a hard cognitive activity, especially for novices who also have to struggle with learning the intricacies of the programming language syntax. We postulate that a well-designed diagrammatic visual programming language (VPL) to replace or substitute a textual programming language may help in the learning programming process. Our research focuses on the suitability of diagrammatic notations for such a VPL. In this paper, we report results from two experimental studies into diagrammatic notations. The first experiment shows the superiority of three visual representations over a conventional style textual program in both control- and data-flow paradigms. The result also shows the effect of programming paradigm on novices' performance. The second experiment focuses on two aspects of program flow representation: the graphical representation to be used for sequencing, and the traversal direction required of diagram users. It reveals that graphical representation does not affect performance in tracing program flow but that traversal direction makes a difference in cognitive demand on users. The evidence also indicates a control-flow preference among novices.
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