Exploring the costs of phenotypic plasticity for evolvable digital organisms

Abstract

Phenotypic plasticity is usually defined as a property of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions. While the benefits of plasticity for adaptation are well established, the costs associated with plasticity remain somewhat obscure. Understanding both why and how these costs arise could help us explain and predict the behavior of living creatures as well as allow the design of more adaptable robotic systems. One of the challenges of conducting such investigations concerns the difficulty of isolating the effects of different types of costs and the lack of control over environmental conditions. The present study addresses these challenges by using virtual worlds (software) to investigate the environmentally regulated phenotypic plasticity of digital organisms. The experimental setup guarantees that potential genetic costs of plasticity are isolated from other plasticity-related costs. Multiple populations of organisms endowed with and without phenotypic plasticity in either the body or the brain are evolved in simulation, and organisms must cope with different environmental conditions. The traits and fitness of the emergent organisms are compared, demonstrating cases in which plasticity is beneficial and cases in which it is neutral. The hypothesis put forward here is that the potential benefits of plasticity might be undermined by the genetic costs related to plasticity itself. The results suggest that this hypothesis is true, while further research is needed to guarantee that the observed effects unequivocally derive from genetic costs and not from some other (unforeseen) mechanism related to plasticity.