Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex organ composed of different cellular populations, including mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells, adipocytes, and immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. These cellular populations alter dynamically during aging or as a response to pathophysiology such as obesity. Changes in the various inflammatory cells are associated with metabolic complications and the development of insulin resistance, indicating that immune cells crosstalk with the adipocytes. Therefore, a study of the cell populations in the adipose tissue and the extracellular matrix maintaining the tissue niche is important for the knowledge on the regulatory state of the organ. We used a combination of methods to study various parameters to identify the composition of the resident cells in the adipose tissue and evaluate their profile. We analyzed the tissue structure and cells based on histology, immune fluorescence staining, and flow cytometry of cells present in the tissue in vivo and these markers’ expression in vitro. Any shift in cells’ composition influences self-renewal of the mesenchymal progenitors, and other cells affect the functionality of adipogenesis.
Highlights
Adipose tissue is composed of numerous cell subpopulations and their interactions have an important impact on the tissue structure and function
The tissue was stained using three markers of different cell compartments: the plasma membrane stained with an antibody for Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), lipid droplet (LD) membrane stained by an antibody for Plin1, and the lipid content stained with the Nile-Red dye (Figure 2A)
visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was incubated with CTxB for 5 or 30 min to allow probe binding to the membranes, followed by endocytosis, was monitored, and cells fluorescence increase with time was evident after 30 min (Figure 2D), demonstrating the ability to perform various live assays ex-vivo tissues
Summary
Two main types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), control energy homeostasis These subtypes share a mesenchymal origin, they differ in their distribution, function, and morphology, where BAT cells contain multiple small lipid droplets, and WAT cells have a single lipid droplet [3]. WAT secretes leptins, adiponectin and other peptides that affect the body’s food intake and energy expenditure, thereby functioning as an endocrine organ [1,2] In this context, VAT is recognized as being closely associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome [9,10,11,12,13].
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