Abstract
Fungi isolated from marine invertebrates are of considerable importance as new promising sources of unique secondary metabolites with significant biomedical potential. However, the cultivable fungal community harbored in jellyfish was less investigated. In this work, we seek to recover symbiotic fungi from different tissues of jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai. A total of seven morphotypes were isolated, which were assigned into four genera (Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Purpureocillium, and Tilletiopsis) from two phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) by comparing the rDNA-ITS sequences with the reference sequences in GenBank. The most fungi were found in the inner tissues of subumbrella. Two of the cultivation-independent procedures, changing media type and co-cultivation, were employed to maximize the complexity of metabolites. Thus, thirteen EtOAc gum were obtained and fingerprinted by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a photodiode array (PDA) detector. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of these complex mixtures were tested against a panel of bacterial and fungal pathogens. The antimicrobial results showed that all of the 13 EtOAc extracts displayed different levels of antibacterial activity, three of which exhibited strong to significant antibacterial activity to the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella entrica. Antifungal activity indicated that the EtOAc extracts from pure culture of Aspergillus versicolor and co-culture of A. versicolor and Tilletiopsis sp. in rice media were promising for searching new compounds, with the maximal mycelial growth inhibition of 82.32% ± 0.61% for Rhizoctonia solani and 48.41% ± 11.02% for Botrytis cinerea at 200 μg/ml, respectively. This study is the first report on the antibacterial and antifungal activity of jellyfish-associated fungi and allows the first sight into cultivable fungal community residing in jellyfish. Induced metabolites by cultivation-dependent approaches provides a new reservoir for drug discovery from jellyfish-derived fungi.
Highlights
Jellyfishes belong to the phylum Cnidaria, and at least four toxic classes are included in this phylum, namely Anthozoa, Cubozoa, Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa [1]
Likewise other marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, which host a variety of symbiotic fungi or actinomycetes, jellyfish-associated microorganisms may be an untapped source of new marine natural products
Inner tissues of Tentacle and Gonad, which parts were thought to host diverse endobacteria yielded no fungal strains in this study
Summary
Jellyfishes belong to the phylum Cnidaria, and at least four toxic classes are included in this phylum, namely Anthozoa, Cubozoa, Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa [1]. We describe the isolation and identification of fungi from different tissues of the jellyfish N. nomurai. EtOAc extracts of OSMAC and co-cultures were further characterized by HPLC-PDA analysis and used for screening of antibacterial and antifungal activity against six bacterial pathogens and five fungal pathogens. In order to determine which parts of the jellyfish N. nomurai may host cultivable fungi, representative tissues of umbrella, tentacle and gonad were sampled and inoculated on the isolation
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