Exploring solar dynamo behavior using an annually resolved carbon-14 compilation during multiple grand solar minima

Abstract

In this study, we, for the first time, compiled all publicly available annually or biannually resolved 14\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{14}$$\\end{document}C records, which fully covers 7 grand solar minima at an annual and bi-annual resolution. Our results from 7 grand solar minima showed a clear relationship between the rate of decrease (increase) in solar activity levels and how long the onset (termination) of the grand solar minima will last. Additionally, we show a weaker relationship between the durations of onsets and terminations and between the rate of increase and decrease of solar activity levels. Our results also suggest there might be two or more types of grand solar minima.