Exploring Shallow Subsurface of Mars and Introducing the GPR Technique for Planetary Sciences(Exploring Mars beyond the Surface Features)

Wajahat Ali Sean R Shieh

doi:10.4172/2329-6755.1000142

Abstract

Several geophysical techniques are available for the investigation and characterization of shallow subsurface. Most commonly used are electrical methods, seismic refraction and reflection methods, multichannel analysis of surface waves, gravity, magnetic, electromagnetic induction and ground penetrating radar. Mars is the one of the terrestrial planet, under discussion from several years due to interesting facts obtained from surface features including the evidences for the presence of water. Surface features on Mars include plans, mountains, impact crater, lava flows and dust cover. The possibility of life on the Mars is a question mark which is yet to be defined. In this article GPR technique is proposed for planetary missions to explore the subsurface of Mars. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a recent technology which provides high resolution picture for near surface structures. Due to the small size, light weight, high resolution, and simple operational system the GPR is supposed to be a best tool for the exploration of near surface features and hydrology of Mars. Launching a planetary mission at Mars with GPR could provide the information about the subsurface structures. This information could be used to define many question marks about red planet.

Highlights

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)Earth provides the only ground-truth for other terrestrial planets and satellites including Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon
Surface features and processes observed on these planetary bodies are interpreted by correlating them with those observed on the Earth
The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technique is introduced to explore the subsurface of Mars

Summary

Introduction

Earth provides the only ground-truth for other terrestrial planets and satellites including Mars, Venus, Mercury and Moon. The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technique is introduced to explore the subsurface of Mars. GPR provides high resolution pictures for near surface structures. It is known as Georadar, Subsurface Interface radar or Geoprobing radar. In GPR electromagnetic (EM) signals are sent into the ground. When these signals encounter changes in characteristics of subsurface materials, they are reflected back to the surface where they are recorded by a receiver as shown in Figure 1 [7]. Other observations involve the wavelength and the amplitude of reflected waves Variations in these parameters are interpreted either as a change in subsurface material or as compositions of different layers [8]. EM-waves penetration into the ground and its reflection from subsurface boundaries depends upon water content, porosity, dielectric property and density of rocks [9]

GPR Instrumentation and data acquisition

Applications and depth of investigation

Low frequency signals will have long wave lengths and poor resolution

Best location for rover with GPR

Hellas crater

Selected regions for GPR mission