Abstract
Trust is a major determinant of acceptance of an autonomous vehicle (AV), and a lack of appropriate trust could prevent drivers and society in general from taking advantage of such technology. This paper makes a new attempt to explore the effects of personalised AVs as a novel approach to the cognitive underpinnings of drivers’ trust in AVs. The personalised AV system is able to identify the driving behaviours of users and thus adapt the driving style of the AV accordingly. A prototype of a personalised AV was designed and evaluated in a lab-based experimental study of 36 human drivers, which investigated the impact of the personalised AV on user trust when compared with manual human driving and non-personalised AVs. The findings show that a personalised AV appears to be significantly more reliable through accepting and understanding each driver’s behaviour, which could thereby increase a user’s willingness to trust the system. Furthermore, a personalised AV brings a sense of familiarity by making the system more recognisable and easier for users to estimate the quality of the automated system. Personalisation parameters were also explored and discussed to support the design of AV systems to be more socially acceptable and trustworthy.
Highlights
Autonomous vehicles (AVs), which can sense their surroundings and navigate without human intervention, are expected to account for 75% of vehicles on the road by 2040 [67]
Person correlation has further showed no significant correlations between age and cognitive factors of user trust, comfort, and situational awareness in the manual driving mode, in the standard AV mode, and in the personalised AV mode
Trust is one of the most important cognitive factors that has been neglected by the existing studies of personalised systems [29], and it has yet to be systematically studied in the domain of AVs [31]
Summary
Autonomous vehicles (AVs), which can sense their surroundings and navigate without human intervention, are expected to account for 75% of vehicles on the road by 2040 [67]. AVs are changing the way we drive and how we experience driving. They assist drivers in demanding tasks and improve road safety, but they enhance mobility for users of all generations, especially for ageing populations [31]. Even with the rapid pace of technological advancement in AV, any autonomy remains a staged process which takes place over a period of time [53]. Employing autonomous features in vehicle design means surrendering personal control of the vehicle and trusting technology to drive safely. The underlying rationale is the changing role of the driver, shifting from that of an active controller to a more passive supervisor, such that problems may arise related to reduced levels of perceived trust [47]
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