Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by both motor and nonmotor features. The diagnose of PD is based on a review of patients’ signs and symptoms, and neurological and physical examinations. So far, no tests have been devised that can conclusively diagnose PD. In this study, we explore both microRNA and gene biomarkers for PD. Microarray gene expression profiles for PD patients and healthy control are analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA)-based unsupervised feature extraction (FE). 244 genes are selected to be potential gene biomarkers for PD. In addition, we implement these genes into Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and find that the 15 microRNAs (miRNAs), hsa-miR-92a-3p, 16-5p, 615-3p, 877-3p, 100-5p, 320a, 877-5p, 23a-3p, 484, 23b-3p, 15a-5p, 324-3p, 19b-3p, 7b-5p and 505-3p, significantly target these 244 genes. These miRNAs are shown to be significantly related to PD. This reveals that both selected genes and miRNAs are potential biomarkers for PD.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD), first described by Dr James Parkinson in 1817, is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by both motor and nonmotor features [1]
In the previous section, we notice that downregulated genes and upregulated genes in PD GEO datasets and in PD Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway are enriched in the 244 identified gene symbols, more detailed analyses give us more convincing insight about the relationship between these 244 gene symbols and PD
Since there are no standard tests that can conclusively diagnose PD, biological biomarkers can help in early diagnosis
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD), first described by Dr James Parkinson in 1817, is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by both motor and nonmotor features [1]. PD motor symptoms such as shaking, rigidity, and slowness of movement are caused by the loss of striatal dopaminergic neurons [2]. The nonmotor symptoms of PD include sleep disorders, depression, and cognitive changes [3,4,5]. The diagnose of PD is based on a review of patients’ signs and symptoms, and neurological and physical examinations. Cogwheel rigidity, and bradykinesia are three “cardinal signs” of PD, and postural instability, a late finding in PD, is the fourth cardinal sign of PD [6]
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