Abstract
This fifth paper considers the second beverage in the series, alcohol. The paper explains the physiology and advice for all adults relating to alcohol consumption because women (and midwives) live in society. Therefore, the needs of women are considered within this broader perspective prior to the pregnancy-related advice and well-documented functional changes (pathophysiology) that accompany fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The rationale for the change to low-risk drinking guidance in 2016 will be explained. As readers, you will not only understand what the guidance is but can critique this – not to encourage women to drink alcohol when pregnant or breastfeeding, but to support those that do. Ethical considerations will be discussed, stigmatisation, blame, the precautionary approach, and their manifestations. As ever, we advocate for sensitive woman-centred conversations rather than one universal approach for this topic.
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