Abstract
With the advent of various vaccines and antimicrobial agents during the 20th century, the control and containment of infectious diseases appeared to be a matter of time. However, studies unveiled the diverse natures of microbes, their lifestyle, and pathogenetic potentials. Since the ground-breaking discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by Baruch Blumberg and the subsequent development of a vaccine in the early 1980s, the main task of the scientific community has been to develop a proper management strategy for HBV-induced chronic liver diseases. In the early 1980’s, standard interferon (IFN) induced a reduction of HBV DNA levels, followed by the normalization of serum transaminases (alanine aminotransferase, ALT), in some chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. However, in the course of time, the limitations of standard IFN became evident, and the search for an alternative began. In the late 1980’s, nucleoside analogs entered the arena of CHB treatment as oral drugs with potent antiviral capacities. At the beginning of the 21st century, insights were developed into the scope and limitations of standard IFN, pegylated-IFN as well as nucleoside analogs for treating CHB. Considering the non-cytopathic nature of the HBV, the presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nucleus of the infected hepatocytes and HBV-induced immune-mediated liver damages, a new field of CHB management was initiated by modulating the hosts’ immune system through immune therapy. This review will discuss the nature and design of innovative immune therapy for CHB.
Highlights
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus belonging to the family Hepadnaviridae [1]
This study provided the first impetus for using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific immune therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients
We found that the impaired function of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC) to process and present antigens to T cells in hepatitis B virus (HBV) TM may be responsible for the non-responsiveness to endogenous HBsAg [122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133]
Summary
Exploring evidence-based innovative therapy for the treatment of chronic HBV infection: experimental and clinical. Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar1†* , Mamun Al Mahtab2†, Julio Cesar Aguilar, Md. Helal Uddin, Md. Sakirul Islam Khan, Osamu Yoshida, Eduardo Penton, Guillen Nieto Gerardo, Yoichi Hiasa. Cite this article: Akbar SMF, Al Mahtab M, Cesar Aguilar J, Uddin MH, Khan SI, Yoshida O, et al Exploring evidence-based innovative therapy for the treatment of chronic HBV infection: experimental and clinical.
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