Exploring enzyme inhibition and comprehensive mechanisms of antioxidant/prooxidative activity of natural furanocoumarin derivatives: A comparative kinetic DFT study

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the antioxidant and prooxidative activity of two natural furanocoumarin derivatives, Bergaptol (4-Hydroxy-7H-furo [3,2-g] [1]benzopyran-7-one, BER) and Xanthotoxol (9-Hydroxy-7H-furo [3,2-g] [1]benzopyran-7-one, XAN). The collected thermodynamic and kinetic data demonstrate that both compounds possess substantial antiradical activity against HO• and CCl3OO• radicals in physiological conditions. BER exhibited better antiradical activity in comparison to XAN, which can be attributed to the enhanced deprotonation caused by the positioning of the –OH group on the psoralen ring. In contrast to highly reactive radical species, newly formed radical species BER• and XAN• exhibited negligible reactivity towards the chosen constitutive elements of macromolecules (fatty acids, amino acids, nucleobases). Furthermore, in the presence of O2•─, the ability to regenerate newly formed radicals BER• and XAN• was observed. Conversely, in physiological conditions in the presence of Cu(II) ions, both compounds exhibit prooxidative activity. Nevertheless, the prooxidative activity of both compounds is less prominent than their antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that anionic species can engage in the creation of a chelate complex, which restricts the reduction of metal ions when reducing agents are present (O2•─ and Asc─). Moreover, studies have demonstrated that these chelating complexes can be coupled with other radical species, hence enhancing their ability to inactivate radicals. Both compounds exhibited substantial inhibitory effects against enzymes involved in the direct or indirect generation of ROS: Xanthine Oxidase (XOD), Lipoxygenase (LOX), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), NADPH oxidase (NOX).