Exploring Application of 1,2,4‐Triazole Energetic Salts: Gas Generating Agent, Propellant and Explosive Compositions

Abstract

AbstractHigh‐nitrogen energetic salts as the functional materials could be applied to formulate second explosives, gas‐generating agents, and propellants due to their large gas and energy release after combustion. Herein, a series of the insensitive and highly gas productive 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives including 4,5,5′‐triamine‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole (1) and 4,5′‐dinitramino‐5‐amine‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole (4) as well as corresponding salts were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of 4,5,5′‐triamine‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole (1), nitrate salt (2), 4,5′‐dinitramino‐5‐amine‐3,3′‐bi‐1,2,4‐triazole (4) and triaminoguanidine salt (9) were determined by X‐ray diffraction. For explosives candidates, energetic salts of ammonium (5), hydrazinium (6), hydroxylammonium (7), and triaminoguanidine (9) not only display the outstanding detonation performance (D, 8657–9120 m s−1, P, 27.78–33.39 GPa), but also show low mechanical sensitivities (IS≥20 J, FS≥216 N). Furthermore, the constant‐volume combustion experiment results reveal that 5, 6, 7, and 9 show excellent gas productivity (Pmax≥12.8 MPa) and pressure‐up rate (dP/dtmax≥164 GPa s−1). These compounds could be the efficient components of gas‐generating agents and propellants based on the calculated combustion parameters from EXPLO 5 software.