Abstract
Abstract Previous studies found that two larvae of the family Ceratophryidae, Ceratophrys ornata (Ornate Horned Frogs) and Ceratophrys cranwelli (Cranwell's Horned Frogs), are able to produce underwater sounds as an antipredator strategy. Here, we determined whether tadpoles of another ceratophryid, Lepidobatrachus llanensis (Llanos Frogs), also produce underwater sounds in similar contexts of intraspecific interactions. Moreover, to compare the mechanism displayed by Ceratophrys spp. with related species, we tested the existence of an antipredator mechanism (= behavior) in L. llanensis tadpoles that diminishes the frequency of predation between conspecifics in the presence of heterospecific prey. Lepidobatrachus llanensis tadpoles exhibited an antipredator mechanism that is displayed on intraspecific interactions. Extensive trials failed to reveal sound production (in the 20 hertz [Hz]–20 kilohertz [kHz] range) in L. llanensis, contrasting our observations on Ceratophrys spp. Nevertheless, L. llanensis t...
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