Abstract
The role of rare Earth metals in the improvement of the properties of metals and alloys has been analysed and described in multiple studies. Their effects on changes in microstructure and mechanical properties are most pronounced. This paper focuses on the beneficial effect of rare Earth metal oxides on the wear resistance of surface layers applied to castings intended for structural elements of machinery and equipment in mining and recycling. The experiment involved modifying prepared surfaces by adding CeO2, Y2O3, and La2O3. Hardness measurements, a scratch test, and tribological tests were performed under dry and fluid friction. The maximum wear track depth and track area were measured from the surface profile. To determine correlations between the results, exploratory data analysis was employed. Heatmaps were used to illustrate strong positive and negative interactions. The addition of oxides at increasing carbon content resulted in increased hardness, lower coefficient of friction, and reduced track area and maximum track depth. Strong negative interactions between the track area and maximum track depth were found. The differences resulting from the test conditions (fluid and dry friction) were discussed. This study demonstrated the suitability of exploratory data analysis for analysing research results and confirmed the improvement of modified surface wear resistance.
Highlights
The interest in rare Earth elements observed in recent years is driven by rising application opportunities provided by new electronic technologies and nanotechnologies [1–4]
In addition to these specialized areas of the economy, rare Earth metals (REM) are still used in the metallurgical, chemical, and metal industries. Because of their physical and chemical properties, rare Earth oxides began to be used in surface engineering
The weld metals were applied on S355 steel (Hut-Trans, Katowice, Poland) using metal active gas (MAG) welding in combination with plasma arc welding (PAW)
Summary
The interest in rare Earth elements observed in recent years is driven by rising application opportunities provided by new electronic technologies and nanotechnologies [1–4] In addition to these specialized areas of the economy, rare Earth metals (REM) are still used in the metallurgical, chemical, and metal industries. Because of their physical and chemical properties, rare Earth oxides began to be used in surface engineering Their beneficial effect of reducing secondary dendrites and volume fraction of non-metallic inclusions was noticed in the case of nickel-based [5,6] or iron-based [7] coating microstructures. Another advantage was the increased corrosion resistance and improved passivation. In their work [8], Liu et al reported an advantageous effect of yttrium oxide Y2 O3 on the modification of the nickel-based coating, indicating, that the range of its application is limited (from 0.4 to 0.6%)
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