Abstract
The anuran inner ear is unique among vertebrate ears in containing three organs for sound detection—the amphibian papilla, the basilar papilla, and the saccule (a mixed auditory/vestibular organ). Al’s anatomical, physiological, and behavioral work in several different anuran species, from the American bullfrog to the Chinese torrent frog, has significantly furthered our understanding of the evolution and operation of this unusual ear. In this talk, I will review this species diversity in inner ear systems and I will further discuss how this diversity emerges over ontogenetic (metamorphic) development. Following up on Al’s research into the post-metamorphic development of the amphibian and basilar papillae in bullfrogs, I will present anatomical data on the larval development of the inner ear in two anuran species, the bullfrog and the African clawed frog, which are adapted to live in different biomes as adults. These results focus attention on how differences in post-metamorphic habitats are reflected in developmental timetables of the maturation of the ear during tadpole life.
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