Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential element, while calcium (Ca) is an essential element with high chemical similarity to Cd. Dietary intake is the major Cd exposure pathway for non-smokers. A multi-concentration dietary intervention experiment was designed to explore the optimum concentration of Ca in diet with obvious protective effects against the toxicity of livers and kidneys induced by Cd in mice. The mice were divided into six groups with different concentrations of Cd and Ca in their food: control-group (no Cd or Ca), Ca-group (100 g/kg Ca, without Cd), Cd-group (2 mg/kg Cd, without Ca), CaL+Cd-group (2 mg/kg Cd, 2 g/kg Ca), CaM+Cd-group (2 mg/kg Cd, 20 g/kg Ca) and CaH+Cd-group (2 mg/kg Cd, 100 g/kg Ca). The organ indexes, oxidative stress biomarkers, lesions and Cd concentrations were detected after a 30-day exposure period. Results showed that serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) level in CaH+Cd-group was significantly lower than that in Cd-group, while close to that in control-group. The contents of Serum Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) in different groups showed the same trend. Concentrations of all oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA) in CaH+Cd-group were close to the normal levels of control-group while significantly different from those in Cd-group. The only exception was the Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in kidneys. This study suggests that Ca plays a protective role in relieving the Cd-induced toxicity of livers and kidneys and a concentration of 100 g/kg for Ca in diet showed the best protective effects. These findings could provide a clue for further studies concerning human diet intervention for Cd control.
Highlights
Cadmium (Cd) is a serious toxic heavy metal derived mainly from industrial sources such as mining and smelting [1, 2]
It could be found that 20 g/kg Ca showed the best intervention effect, for the liver index in CaM+Cdgroup increased to the normal level of control-group, with significant difference from that of Cd-group (p < 0.05), while the intervention effects of CaL+Cd-group and CaH+Cd-group were not obvious (Fig 1A)
It can be observed that Ca intervention could effectively decreased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and the change was more obvious as the Ca concentration increased from 2 g/kg to 100 g/kg
Summary
Cadmium (Cd) is a serious toxic heavy metal derived mainly from industrial sources such as mining and smelting [1, 2]. Due to the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, China has been suffering from severe heavy metal contamination in the past 20 years [3]. Dietary calcium intervention against the toxicity of cadmium in mice
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