Exploration d’une instabilité chronique du genou

Abstract

Chronic knee instability is a very common reason for consultation in orthopaedics, most often after injury reported by the patient. Physical examination has an important place for the diagnostic approach. Previous patient history, type of trauma are also important as well as initial hemarthrosis, ligament testing and patellar tracking. Further investigations (X-rays and MRI) enable to confirm clinical diagnosis and to analyse associated lesions (meniscus, cartilage). Instability as the main symptom may cover numerous etiologies. Knee instability may be observed in the frontal or sagittal plan or both. There are several grades of severity from the common medial collateral ligament sprain to the complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament or even knee dislocation. The term instability also includes the patellar dislocations, the most serious stage of the femoropatellar instability. Once the type of instability defined and the anatomical lesions identified, the treatment will be selected for each patient; it may be functional, medical or surgical, according to the types of lesion, age and physical activity, motivation and patient discomfort. It is important to be aware of the natural outcome of these instabilities in order to prevent lesions leading to osteoarthritis (OA).