Abstract
Conventional radiology includes intravenous urography for evaluation of the entire urinary tract and direct opacifications by retrograde cystography, supra-pubic cystography, and retrograde urethro-cystography for evaluation of the lower urinary tract. Intravenous urography remains the gold standard for evaluation of the upper excretory tract. The accuracy of ultrasound examination has increased with the availability of multiple frequency probes, harmonic imaging and color Doppler imaging. Because it is non-invasive, ultrasound now is the first line imaging technique for evaluation of the renal parenchyma, renal vessels and bladder.
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