Exploiting novel concepts for visible light communications: from light-based IoT to living surfaces

Abstract

This paper discusses the idea of light-based Internet of Things (LIoT), in which light is exploited in two ways, namely, to harvest the energy needed to power up an IoT node, and to provide the node with wireless connectivity using optical links. The LIoT concept can be seen as an “Expose-and-Connect” (E&C) approach, where an energy-autonomous node is wirelessly connected to internet when it is exposed to light. This concept creates an extraordinarily wide array of possible use cases and novel applications. The basic principles of this approach are discussed, including different access architectures and implementation techniques. The role of printed electronics (PE) as a highly attractive implementation technology for LIoT is also discussed in the paper. Very thin printable tags could be created with PE, featuring a number of integrated functionalities, including wireless communications. These tags could be manufactured at very low cost and with any form factor, converting virtually any object on which they are attached, into an IoT node. The LIoT approach is further extended to encompass a much generic and powerful concept called Living Surfaces (LS), where virtually any surface, small or large, can contain different functionalities onboard, such as energy harvesting and storing, sensors and actuators, signal processing and wireless communications. With the advances in PE technology, it is foreseen that every available surface will be provide an opportunity to have on it one or more autonomous nodes, each with a range of possible capabilities. Applications of the LS concept are also discussed. Finally, technical challenges as well as visions for further development are also presented.