Abstract
Grape pomace, a most abundant and renewable wine industry waste product was utilized as a suitable reducing, capping, and stabilizing biomolecules for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The physicochemical properties of biosynthesized grape pomace extract (GPE)-AgNPs were duly appraised via UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy. The analytical studies revealed that the GPE-AgNPs were well formed and stable in nature. The functional groups of organic molecules of GPE are present on the surface of AgNPs with average NPs diameter in the range of 20–35 nm. GPE-AgNPs exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity mainly DPPH radical (IC50, 50.0 ± 2.25 μg/mL) and ABTS radical (IC50, 38.46 ± 1.14 μg/mL). Additionally, the synthesized AgNPs showed noticeable inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes mainly, α-amylase (IC50, 60.2 ± 2.15 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50, 62.5 ± 2.75 μg/mL). The GPE fabricated AgNPs showed noteworthy antibacterial potential against infectious bacteria viz., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The reaction mechanism of antibacterial activity was studied by measuring the bacterial cell membrane breakage and cytoplasmic contents, mainly, nucleic acid, proteins, and reducing sugar. Therefore, this research attempt illustrated the potential of GPE as a novel source intended for the biosynthesis of AgNPs that may open up new horizons in the field of nanomedicine.
Highlights
The synthesis of nanoscale materials with different structural configurations and unique physicochemical attributes are receiving escalating recognition
The phytochemical constituents and its concentration in grape pomace depend on the grape varieties and the extraction procedure
The results proved that grape pomace extract (GPE) contain high amount of phenolic compounds and moderate concentration of total flavonoids
Summary
The synthesis of nanoscale materials with different structural configurations and unique physicochemical attributes are receiving escalating recognition. This may be because of its versatile applications in numerous prominent areas such as life sciences, material sciences, biomedical engineering, wastewater treatment, biosensors development, chemistry, and physics [1]. Several routes of green synthesis of AgNPs by employing various biological materials such as microorganisms, whole plants, extracts of different parts of plants, fruit waste, and marine algae have been well investigated. Utilization of plant- or fruit waste-based extracts could be more beneficial due to simple, cost-effective, and eco-accommodating process relative to other biological routes of NPs synthesis [8,9]. The synthesized AgNPs have been studied for various biogenic activities which increases its potential applications in biomedical, environment sector
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